India has made massive strides in infrastructure development over the past two decades. Nearly 100% of the country's villages have been electrified, though the government is now focusing on ensuring 24/7 reliability. India is rapidly shifting its energy mix, heavily investing in solar and wind power to transition away from its traditional reliance on coal.
In terms of telecommunications, India has one of the world's most impressive success stories. It boasts the second-largest telecommunications market globally, with incredibly cheap mobile data rates driving widespread 4G and growing 5G penetration. This connectivity powers "India Stack"—a set of digital public goods, most notably the Unified Payments Interface (UPI), which has revolutionized digital transactions and financial inclusion.
Water and sanitation infrastructure have also seen concerted efforts. The *Swachh Bharat Abhiyan* (Clean India Mission) significantly reduced open defecation by building millions of toilets, and the ongoing *Jal Jeevan Mission* aims to provide safe and adequate drinking water through individual household tap connections to all rural homes.
