According to the 2011 Census of India, the Nongpoh Town Committee area had a population of 17,055, though recent estimates suggest the broader urban agglomeration has grown significantly since then.
The population is predominantly composed of the indigenous Khasi people, specifically the Bhoi subgroup. There is also a notable presence of Garos, Nepalis, Assamese, and Bengalis, reflecting the town's history as a trade and transit corridor.
Christianity is the majority religion, with Presbyterian and Catholic churches playing a central role in community life. Minorities practice the indigenous Niam Khasi faith, Hinduism, and Islam. Literacy rates in Nongpoh are relatively high, mirroring the broader educational emphasis within Meghalaya. Khasi and English are the primary languages of communication, though Assamese and Hindi are widely understood due to trade with neighboring states.