Patna's geography is defined by its proximity to major water bodies, which have shaped its historical and economic trajectory.
* **The Ganges (Ganga):** The city stretches extensively along the southern bank of this sacred and massive river, which dictates the city's linear shape. * **Confluences:** Historically, Patna was situated near the confluence of the Ganges with the Son, Gandak, and Punpun rivers, making it a critical hub for riverine trade in ancient times. * **Riverfront Ghats:** The river is accessed via numerous 'ghats' (stepped banks) which are heavily utilized during festivals, especially Chhath Puja.