As the headquarters of the Dibang Valley district, Anini's local governance is led by a Deputy Commissioner (DC), an Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer who represents the state government. The DC oversees law and order, land revenue, and the implementation of development schemes.
The town falls under the Anini (ST) Legislative Assembly Constituency, which sends one elected representative (MLA) to the Arunachal Pradesh State Legislative Assembly. At the grassroots level, local administration is managed by Gram Panchayats and a traditional village council system known as the *Kebang*, which resolves local community disputes according to customary tribal laws.